With the improvement of modern technology and also agriculture inputs, production in farming has boosted by several folds up. For fulfilling the climbing demand of food supply, the typical crop varieties have been replaced by the high yielding selections. Environment-friendly transformation took place in the nation many thanks to enhanced seed selections, use of chemical fertilizers, expansion of irrigation facilities and so on. It is undeniable that this change came with the unfavorable and also unforeseen expense of standard crop varieties, natural harmony as well as ecological balance. Manufacturing expenses for plants have chaotically jumped, damaging the foundation of the low as well as small farmers. The succeeding routines can be satisfied with the raised manufacturing of crops, yet allowed’s not neglect that the population has almost doubled in the last 3 decades, and also prices of basics have tripled. Population growth and prices of essentials with each other have much exceeded agricultural manufacturing.
Individuals in huge number have migrated from villages to communities for different earnings options. Migration has a precise connection with farming production and also rising cost of living. It has long been argued that our land has shed fertility due to unplanned intervention, incorrect cultivation methods, as well as insufficient and also unacceptable state management plan. The farmers as well as their conventional techniques can be examined but it holds true that they are constantly left with what they have, and with little or no assistance, and with excruciating increase in, as well as deficiency of agriculture inputs. The truth was located throughout our observation at the field degree (January – March 2011), for example, at Kushtia area. The peasants claim, there was a time 7/8 years when they made use of to obtain 20 maunds (regional weight dimension unit; 40 kgs make 1 maund) of rice per bigha (local area dimension device; roughly 1 bigha makes 0.33 acre), but now they obtain 7/8 maunds on the average. It’s tough, otherwise difficult, for the small as well as limited land holders to rely on land outcomes (crops) entirely for their household costs any more.
Currently the inquiry develops below – if the farming manufacturing, i.e., its return is far less than family members expense, just how do the farmhouses survive?
Without much description of peasants’ hardship, helplessness, as well as income choices, we see the interior migration of occupations of farmhouse participants to non-farm activities and manufacturing facility or market wage laborers. The farmhouses have actually chosen livestock raising on industrial basis, shop-keeping etc., as well as the farmhouse participants have actually selected wage labors in mills, workshops, manufacturing facilities, and also industries. This phenomenon has cut dependency of the farmhouses on earnings from farming crops, and also has loosened up worry on their property of small landholdings. The farmhouse participants staying very much in your houses can fulfill their very own costs, and also once in a while, rather invest in agriculture manufacturing. It is kept in mind that the insufficient resources of our farmhouses constricts farm monitoring and crop diversity, which at some point as well as consistently leads to poor farm production.
Below are 4 case studies from the very same village. In the first case research study (household-1), the farmer experiences because of absence of investment resources, without off-farm income earners in the family. In the second and third study (household-2,3), the farmhouses are doing well many thanks to the involvement of the household participants in neighboring industries. According to the fourth study (household-4) also the landless farmer with raised labor incomes as well as non-farm activity is enhancing his way of living.
In 2010, Mr. Nuruddin (head of household-1) of town Kathulia village of Kushtia district created maize, hemp, paddy (of selections Gazi, BR-33), til (sesame) as well as papaya. He invested a total of BDT (Tk.) 50600 (USD 1 = BDT 70 roughly), as well as obtained a net return of Tk. 30000. He offered out paddy straws, jute stems, a goat, bamboos and also jack fruits and also made Tk. 18200. So, his complete income during the year stood at Tk. 48200, while his household expenditure for the very same year was approximated at Tk. 56500.
Mr. Nuruddin, an old male of 80, has actually obtained his 4 children married away from village. Round the year the loved ones visit them, which enhance the family expenditures. In addition, he has to give little financial help to them from time to time, and also send some ranch as well as homestead items to the daughters’ houses over the last few years. So, they run family with restrictions with food lack almost every year. His only boy is a public college student, yet assists him in farming every so often. Nuruddin’s wife expands various leafy vegetables on homestead round the year for residence usages.
For financial constraints due to little girls’ marriage, family members’ go to etc., he might not make bigger investment to grow profitable crops, and also can’t take good treatment of his plants. So, he usually obtains reduced harvest, and can not purchase livestock. He took a bank loan of Tk. 25000 in 2004, yet invested all for family objectives, and also can not repay the financing in time. In 2008, the finance quantity stood at Tk. 37000 with passion, which he can not settle. So, with the guidance of a financial institution field officer, he obtained another finance of Tk. 39000, from which he paid back his previous due loan. At the end of 2010 the secondly due funding stood at around Tk. 43000 again. He does not understand exactly how to pay back this amount. At the end of 2010, he offered 2 bighas of land on kot (local land leasing system) for Tk. 100000. He states, “Besides outstanding small business loan, yearly I have a shortage of Tk. 4000-5000. I have also tiny car loans from NGOs, which I repay with hardship, but exceptional bank loans allow tension for me”.
Nuruddin’s boy included, “Farmers obtain bank loans and finish them rapidly to meet food and also various other lingering family demands without assuming much that they need to settle it in time, which’s the means the lendings come in larger amount in some years with included rate of interests, for which farmers market out lands at last in a lot of cases.”
Rm. Arshed Ali (head of household-2) produced rice of various varieties consisting of Gazi, IRRI-10 and 28. He obtained a harvest of 90 maunds (3600 kgs) worth Tk. 77100. He spent Tk. 29250 for production. His internet return was Tk. 47850. He additionally produced eggplants of 30 maunds (1200 kgs) worth Tk. 15600. He invested Tk. 7000 for this production as well as obtained a web return of Tk. 8600. He spent Tk. 2000 to create 10 maunds (400 kgs) of cabbage worth Tk. 5000 with a net return of Tk. 3000. He offered paddy straws at Tk. 12000. From all the plants of his cultivated land he made a web return of Tk. 71450 in 2010.
In 2010, he reared livestock and made an internet return of Tk. 50000 with a financial investment of Tk. 350000, in which Tk. 30000 is approximated as unsettled household labor.
Arshed’s one child aged 30 with high school level education is a factory laborer. Currently, he earns a total of Tk. 60000 in a year. The family members gains a total amount of Tk. 181450 annually from both ranch produces, livestock and also non-farm earning, while the household expenditure is estimated at Tk. 180000.
In 2009, Arshed rented in a fish farm, and however can not make money from it, which year he had a herbal medicine shop in the town market. From this organization he made of revenue of around 30000. He additionally works in the village as an arbitrator in different settlement and litigation, where he has an earnings, which might not be estimated. Nonetheless, from these contributed to this revenue from livestock rearing, he made a block house in 2009-2010.
He said, “With conventional crop manufacturing with tiny area of land, we can not run our household. Since I have to preserve a family status, and some guests also come often, so my family members expenditure is likewise high compared to others. That’s why I think of earning from different resources.”
Mr. Abdur Rahim (head of household-3) generated rice of various varieties including Gazi, IRRI-10, 11, 12, 9. He obtained a harvest of 78 maunds (3120 kgs) worth Tk. 54200. He spent Tk. 31477 for manufacturing. His net return was Tk. 22723. He likewise generated hemp of 8 maunds (320 kgs) worth Tk. 12000. He spent Tk. 4000 for this manufacturing and got an internet return of Tk. 8000. He produced onion (2 maunds = 80 kgs) worth Tk. 2000 and also garlic (1.5 maunds = 60 kgs) worth Tk. 6000. For manufacturing of both onion and garlic he spent Tk. 2000, and from these he made an internet return of Tk. 6000. He sold paddy straws and also hemp stems at Tk. 20000. From all the plants of his cultivated land he made a web return of Tk. 56723 in 2010.
In 2010, he raised cattle as well as made an internet return of Tk. 47000 with a financial investment of Tk. 20000.
Rahim’s two boys, one aged 32 with no formal education and learning, as well as the various other aged 30 with senior high school level education and learning, are manufacturing facility laborers. Presently, they gain an overall of Tk. 156000 in a year. The family makes a total amount of Tk. 259723 from both ranch creates, cattle and also non-farm earning, while the family members expense is estimated at Tk. 199700. This year (2011) he takes one more 15 kathas (area dimension device; 1 katha makes roughly 1.6 decimals) of arrive at kot at Tk. 70000.
Around 15 years back, Rahim split from moms and dads, and also started his little family on his own. That time he had 3 bighas of land. He acquired an additional 3 bighas of land in the last 10 years. He bought land items of 10/12 kathas each at a time at Tk. around 20000-30000 per bighas. 2 years back, he built brick house with an expense of around Tk. 300000.
He said, “Revenue from land is falling currently. Once we got around 20 maunds of rice per bigha. In 2015 we produced 8-10 maunds of rice per bigha. Family revenue generally originates from livestock as well as goats. With this revenue, I do this that, get and also increase points. Money for residence building and construction also came from livestock raising. Besides, the senior son works in business for last 2 years, as well as the younger one works for 4/5 years. They include in the income. They help run family. ”
Akram Hossain (head of household-4) possesses no land in any way Smile Farm, but he keeps land for farming yearly. Over years he provides labor to agriculture ranches as well as runs his family with labor wages. He raises livestock as well as goat every year, as well as thus makes some profit out of it. In 2010, he gained around Tk. 54000 from wage labors at Tk. 150 per day and also at Tk. 4500 on the ordinary per month. In 2010, he maintained 4 bighas of come down on kot. From the manufacturing of rice and wheat, he made a net income of Tk. 22260 and Tk. 4900 specifically. He also gained Tk. 7200 from sale of paddy straws. From livestock raising during the year, he obtained an internet return of Tk. 15000. He additionally broke down one as well as fifty percent bighas of land for share cropping, where he got his share of crop worth Tk. 6000. From both farm manufacturings, cattle rearing as well as labor salaries, he made a total of Tk. 109360. His family expenditure is determined at Tk. 71000 for several years 2010.
When asked about his earning and ranch production, he stated, “The rice I obtain from growing continues to be generally for family consumption over a year. I offer out various other crops. My primary source of income is ranch labor, and also livestock and goat rearing. I can bear the education costs of my boy of course seven, as well as also can save some cash for next year financial investment for cattle.”
The various other farmers speaking about Akram commented that Akram does not have to sell out crops considering that he earns from labor wages to satisfy family members expenditures. They additionally stated, people like him in the village are succeeding nowadays. They go to steady status.
Final thought:
Side-by-side with the large sectors, growth of tiny range industries at the semi-urban locations adjacent to rural areas with appropriate interest to ecological problems and safety measures in all areas, potentially in any way upazilas and union degrees (neighborhood management devices), can produce greater work of the farmhouse participants. Regional people develop their very own innovative concepts and also enterprises, which recruit country young people. In a lot of cases, the industry individuals as well as single-interest group are discovered acting as well as circulating versus small sectors. Regional public authorities (line ministries) can solve such crises if any, and also motivate the little business owners at urban outskirts beside rural areas, with rewards if needed. If markets specifically related to food handling, country transport, or house necessaries grow at rural areas with appropriate caution for setting and also harmful labor, as well as without squandering cultivable land, can instead conserve farming households from losing lands, aid receiving agricultural production and also meeting various other expenditures consisting of those for education. The bad, minimal and also small farmhouse members are discovered to have spent share of their earnings from alternative off-farm activities (as an example, from livestock rearing) and industries in their agriculture farming, which notes a better management of their agriculture farming and land. This indicates an improved and encouraging country economic climate.